tocks in the word have different meanings. Some consider it as the gathering of the beam and, in the sense of the beams, the promise of interest, favoritism, and authority. Some have defined it as a part or a chance. Also, the share is considered as the size of six zeros in Public transactions. The stock has been interpreted into other meanings; the beam that they are gambling with, the arc of the "straight line connecting between the chord and circular arc", the straight line connecting between the vertex and its circular center, or the contribution, are called the star of the sky. Stock is a new legal phenomenon as property rights. The share is a combination of material property (share sheet) and intangible property (rights and obligations). Possessing the properties and properties of material property in such a way as to bring it closer to material possessions. The transfer of shares in Public Corporations is the principle of free transfer and no limitation. In the Corporations, there is the principle of the freedom of transfer, but it is possible to restrict its transfer. Due to the nature of the private limited liability company's limited liability company, the principle is that it is not transferable unless it satisfies the terms of the company' s articles of association. In addition, the transfer of shares is a special procedure that, in case of non-compliance, the transfer is not correct, and compliance with the procedure makes it possible for the transfer to be invoked against the company and third parties. However, anonymous stock transfers are made without any formalities and with bills.

Background  Corporations in unhealthy commodity industries (UCIs) have growing influence on the health of national populations through practices that lead to increased consumption of unhealthy products. The use of government-led Public health surveillance is best practice to better understand any emerging Public health threat. However, there is minimal systematic evidence, generated and monitored by national governments, regarding the scope of UCI corporate practices and their impacts. This study aims to synthesise current frameworks that exist to identify and monitor UCI influence on health to highlight the range of practices deployed by Corporations and inform future surveillance efforts in key UCIs.Methods  Seven biomedical, business and scientific databases were searched to identify literature focused on corporate practices that impact human health and frameworks for monitoring or assessment of the way UCIs impact health. Content analysis occurred in three phases, involving (1) the identification of framework documents in the literature and extraction of all corporate practices from the frameworks; (2) initial inductive grouping and synthesis followed by deductive synthesis using Lima and Galea’s ‘vehicles of power’ as a heuristic; and (3) scoping for potential indicators linked to each corporate practice and development of an integrated framework.Results  Fourteen frameworks were identified with 37 individual corporate practices which were coded into five different themes according the Lima and Galea ‘Corporate Practices and Health’ framework. We proposed a summary framework to inform the Public health surveillance of UCIs which outlines key actors, corporate practices and outcomes that should be considered. The proposed framework draws from the health policy triangle framework and synthesises key features of existing frameworks.Conclusion  Systematic monitoring of the practices of UCIs is likely to enable governments to mitigate the negative health impacts of corporate practices. The proposed synthesised framework highlights the range of practices deployed by Corporations for Public health surveillance at a national government level. We argue there is significant precedent and great need for monitoring of these practices and the operationalisation of a UCI monitoring system should be the object of future research.

Based on majority view in the management of Public Corporations, minority rights are less relevant and, in some cases, managers abuse their position. In this regard, solutions need to be provided to support minority shareholders. The American model of corporate governance system to protect the rights of minority shareholders includes "fair disclosure of financial information in both seasonal and annual reports, and the need for a disclosure committee to review and monitor reporting to supervisory bodies and the Publication of dividends", "the need to get informed of the issues before the meeting and the possibility to submit a proposal to the general assembly by each of the shareholders in accordance with a number of precise procedures", "the necessity of forming a committee of candidates in each company and the possibility of filing a lawsuit" Designed by each of the shareholders against the offenders in the name of the company in the form of a derivative dispute Which is categorized into four categories of "information rights", "management rights", "control rights" and "procedural rights". In Iran's law, although there is no special law on the "Corporate Governance", but in various laws related to Public Corporations, such as the "Bill of Amendments to the Part of the Trade Law Act of 1347" And regulations and instructions related to the Corporate Governance, such as "Annual Reporting of Managers to the General Assembly", "Acquainting Stockholders with the Issues of the Meeting before the Holding", and "The possibility of filing a minimum installment of one fifth of shareholders for managers under a number of conditions". The present study is carried out with a comparative method and the collected data have been analyzed according to the legal provisions of the two legal systems studied. Identifying numerous deficiencies in mandatory legal provisions regarding minority rights in Iranian law, especially in the areas of "financial disclosure and transparency", "voting system" and "derivative action", including the findings and results of the present study. In each section, solutions and suggestions are provided.

Background and Aim: What arose out of the notion of corporate responsibility is the maximum profitability for its shareholders. However, the discourse of the 21st century has led companies to accept the social responsibility. In other words, firms are not only responsible for their stakeholders but also a responsibility for community in which have business activity. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive Study. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and confidentiality have been observed. Findings: Accepting social responsibility for companies has pros and cons. however; there are many international and domestic legal documents on corporate social responsibility, foremost of which are the principles of the constitution and articles of labor law. Conclusion: Today, the expectation of fulfillment of all social goals by states is not possible. Companies due to the power of management, wealth and workers under their supervision can fulfill a part of these social goals.

Trans-national Corporations (TNCs) are recognised as having an adverse impact on Public health through the marketing and sale of unhealthy products. In addition to this some of their practices affect health, including taxation avoidance, lobbying politicians to gain favourable legislative and regulatory environments for their operations, and failure to abide by occupational health and safety standards. We argue that while considering the individual practices of commercial actors is crucial the true Public health harms are only evident when the synergistic impacts of the practices are considered. We also note that the practices are supported by a global economic and political system which operates in the favour of commercial actors rather than the health of people and the planet. Consequently there needs to be a norm change by which norms and power are shifted away from commercial interests and externalities of commercial practices are no longer outsourced to the Public purse.

Introduction: Social responsibility from an ethical point of view includes the obligations and duties of natural and legal persons towards society and the environment. The moral behavior of people, like understanding of social responsibility, depends on their liberal ideology, beliefs and human values. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to study the relationship between liberalism and human values with the moral understanding of social responsibility. Material & Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational survey. The statistical population includes the financial managers of the companies admitted to the stock exchange, and the questionnaire was randomly distributed among them and 110 questionnaires were received. The sampling method is random. The research tool is a questionnaire and multivariate regression using SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results: The research results show that human values based on Public interest have a significant and positive relationship with the moral understanding of social responsibility. But the thinking of liberalism does not have a meaningful relationship with the moral understanding of social responsibility. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, human values based on Public interest can be considered as a tool to strengthen the moral behavior of company managers regarding corporate social responsibility. Also, improving the thinking of liberalism in managers can strengthen their social responsibility. In this case, the policy makers of Stock Exchange can direct the managers of the listed companies to comply more with the social responsibility of the company, through teaching human values and strengthening those values, as well as monitoring the implementation of ethical regulations

This article tries to prove authenticity of job-based Corporations according to juristic principles. The author first mentions definitions given by Shiite and Sunni jurists on job-based Corporations, in comparison with property-based Corporations, and then their decrees on the matter.He reports that quite all the Shiite jurists do not present it as an illegitimate corporation while the Sunni jurists do not hold the same decree on this Then; he illustrates Shiite jurists' proofs for illegitimacy of such Corporations which include consensus, risky condition of such Corporations, and the certain number of contracts according to sharia'a. He presents proofs to reject all the above and tries to prove job-based corporation due to rational evidences, general specifications of religious reasons, and legal entity ownership.

The reason that most bankruptcy Corporations’ does not succeed is the unfavorable status and improper management of working capital. These Corporations have good financial status in the long run, but because of incompetent working capital, are not able to compete with other Corporations’ and they expelled. Profit units are able to affect Corporations’ rate of cash by applying various policies in relation to working capital management. These strategies can affect rate of risk and their return. The present study survey the affect of policies of Corporations’ working capital over the rare of Companies risk.The Population in this research has the financial statements of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). In order to analyze data, panel analyzes and ANOVA were used. To measure the Corporations’ risk Beta criteria was considered.The results of this research reveal that, there is a significant and positive relationship between the policies of working capital and Corporations’ risk. Other findings of the present research show that there is a significant and positive relationship between Corporations’ size and risk.